COVID-19, Long COVID, HPAI H5N1 Avian Flu, and other virus UK and World News Update 25th July 2025
I hope you've had a good month - thanks for coming back! I've had a very lovely time off - I survived going on a plane, which I haven't done in 26 years because I was terrified last time. It's never too late to face your fears, and I'm exceptionally glad I did. We went on holiday with 5 of our 'children', ticked off some bucket list items visiting Pompeii, Vesuvius and Herculaneum, and walking a crippling 80 miles over 11 days. Be brave, it pays off, even if you have sore knees. Back to it...
Resident doctors (previously junior doctors) in England are striking for 5 days from today in fresh action over pay. They are demanding pay is restored to equivalent levels for 2008, and are asking for a 29% pay rise. They have been offered 5.4%.
Adverts have been published in national papers showing a newly qualified doctor's assistant earns over £24 per hour, while a resident doctor is on £18.62 per hour with years of medical experience (and may even have use of their own doctor's assistant to support with paperwork, admin, screening, blood tests etc).
The BMA has warned that patients will be at risk because NHS leaders have asked that planned treatment isn't postponed, despite up to 50,000 people joining the strike.
The UK NHS this Autumn will begin offering premature and other vulnerable babies a Nirsevimab RSV jab which helps protect them for 6 months, much longer than any previous jabs, and much more effective at over 80%.
The UK Government are urging parents to use the Summer holidays to catch up on any vaccinations their children have missed out on, especially measles.
Measles is still running rampant, and a child from Liverpool has now died. With vaccination rates in England at 84% average, and some areas well below that (Liverpool and London both 73%, Hackney 60.8%), more cases are expected. If you have 95% vaccine coverage, measles simply can't find victims and dies out, protecting everyone.
England's latest measles report is dated 3rd July, with 529 cases in 2025, including an additional 109 cases since the previous report on 5th June.
Scotland's latest report shows 27 laboratory-confirmed measles cases to 16th July.
Northern Ireland's latest report shows 27 clinically suspected measles cases to 30th June.
I can't find any update for Wales, which had an outbreak last year (20 cases total) and a massive push for catch up vaccinations.
In efforts to try and protect babies and infants under age 1, who won't yet have had their MMR jab, nurseries are reportedly segregating staff and babies, and "bringing back COVID levels of cleaning". Which is great, because wiping down surfaces regularly to stop airborne disease is always successful. (Yes that is a bit sarcastic. I apologise, I know you're doing what you can with what you have.)
The North American measles outbreak has calmed down, although with the US at 1,319 cases as of Wednesday 23rd July they already have the highest count since 1992, when there were 2,126 cases.
Mexico has an enormous 3,607 confirmed cases, plus 8,774 suspected cases.
Canada has 3,665 confirmed and 312 probable cases as of 12th July.
US Health and Human Services Secretary RFK Jr. and Secretary of State Marco Rubio have jointly and formally, and at the last minute, rejected the 2024 International Heath Regulations (IHR) Amendments by the World Health Organization (WHO).
This is the pandemic response measures which have been thrashed out for months and were agreed and adopted at the World Health Assembly on 1st June.
So tedious. Rejecting at the very last available moment is a low punch.
They say it gives WHO too much power, and they want to put America first.
RFK Jr:
“The proposed amendments to the International Health Regulations open the door to the kind of narrative management, propaganda, and censorship that we saw during the COVID pandemic.”
“The United States can cooperate with other nations without jeopardizing our civil liberties, without undermining our Constitution, and without ceding away America’s treasured sovereignty.”
In reality the pandemic treaty explicitly reaffirms country sovereignty, and doesn’t give WHO any mandate over vaccines, lockdowns or travel restrictions. It just asks for fair allocation of medical supplies, vaccines and treatments to poorer nations, and rapid sharing of all available information.
Sheesh... didn’t the US leave WHO anyway? I don’t actually have confidence we could trust the current health leaders to join in with a coordinated response if an emergency occurs anyway, not unless they can see it benefits them directly.
As soon as everyone start tracking NB.1.8.1 - Nimbus COVID variant, along came XFG - Stratus. Stratus is a recombinant of 2 other strains and was added to variants under monitoring by WHO in late June, because in just 4 weeks it had gone from 7.4% of tested samples to 22.7%, almost streaking past Nimbus. There are actually 2 Stratus strains, but they're almost identical and mostly being treated as 1. Whereas Nimbus was reportedly causing a very sore throat, Stratus is reportedly causing hoarseness - folk are losing their voices. Thankfully it's only temporary.
Good news is both Nimbus and XFG are descendents of JN.1, which is what the most up-to-date vaccines are based on, so they should be just as effective. Although a lot of people are likely to become infected, raising numbers of people in hospital, Stratus (like Nimbus) doesn't appear to be any more severe overall.
We've been expecting the usual Summer wave of COVID cases across the Northern hemisphere, with potential for it to be bigger because of the newer COVID variants.
The UK has a rise of 8% in cases in the week ending 16th July, hospital admissions are only updated monthly, but have been steady at around 950-1,150 COVID patients in hospital at any time since the beginning of the year.
Last Friday the US had 13% more cases, with hospitalisations up 3% and ICU up 6% on 2 weeks ago.
The CDC are noting there is a wave, with COVID cases growing or likely growing in at least 26 states.
Matt Hancock has given more evidence to the UK COVID Inquiry as they discuss the care sector and care homes. It wasn't well received by grieving families or care workers.
He said that putting elderly patients back into care homes without COVID testing was the "least worst option", which begs the question "what were the other options you considered?".
He avoided accepting any responsibility, claiming he hadn't made decisions personally and had been powerless to change policy, and urgently needed to free up hospital beds.
Erm yeah... you were the Health Secretary, you were in charge, and common sense says putting infected people back into a house full of our most vulnerable isn’t smart.
in the first 22 months, almost 46,000 care home residents officially died from COVID in England and Wales.
As part of the 10 year plan to save the NHS, hundreds of NHS quangos will be scrapped. These are basically sub-committees, many of which were set up to examine or fix problems. Despite an obvious need for oversight and accountability, it’s likely a lot of them overlap. The thinking is that we don't need 6 different departments telling us how badly the ambulance service is running, as much as we need more ambulances. The worry is that it can be hard to tell exactly who is necessary until it's too late, or that information will fail to pass to the correct people.
Danish scientists have just released a huge study looking at whether aluminium salts used in vaccines are linked to chronic diseases and conditions. Spoiler, the answer is no.
They tracked more than 1.2 million people over a 24-year period using Danish medical records, and and looked at incidence of "50 chronic disorders, including autoimmune (dermatologic, endocrinologic, hematologic, gastrointestinal, and rheumatic), atopic or allergic (asthma, atopic dermatitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, and allergy), and neurodevelopmental (autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder)".
The results:
"Cumulative aluminum exposure from vaccination during the first 2 years of life was not associated with increased rates of any of the 50 disorders assessed."
Obviously some people will still not be happy, and no doubt the US will still need to do their own study at the request of RFK Jr... again, and again...
A NIH (US National Institutes of Health) study suggests nearly 6 million U.S. children may be affected by Long COVID — surpassing Asthma as the most common chronic condition.
The most recent research update on Long COVID from the RECOVER Study of over 60m electronic health records includes:
- You are most likely to develop Long COVID if you were hospitalised with COVID, you are female, you are over 65 or you are aged 12-17.
- Between 10% and 26% of adults, and 4% of children who had COVID developed Long COVID.
- Risks do not decrease over time. Whenever a new variant causes a surge in cases, new Long COVID cases are also reported.
- Long COVID causes different symptoms in different age groups, and that's more specific than previously thought. Under 5s split into 2 groups - Infants and toddlers experience more trouble sleeping, fussiness, poor appetite, stuffy nose, and cough. Preschoolers are more likely to experience a dry cough and daytime tiredness/low energy.
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| Jama Networks Long COVID symptoms in children - address for more details below |
Not all drug trials are successful. Some fail to show efficacy, some fail to show safety, and some are just a mess. Stat News have a great article on why a recent trial of a Long COVID drug by German pharmaceutical company Berlin Cures was shelved after major problems were found.
The drug is an infusion called BC 007 (or rovunaptabin), and was originally created during research for heart disease. Early trial results and accounts from Long COVID participants were incredibly positive, it got a lot of media attention.
However... symptoms weren't measured accurately, and didn't always exclude other potential causes. Trial participants had to undergo lengthy hospital visits which themselves were exhausting and anxiety-inducing, and staff didn't mask or take precautions, which may have put some participants off.
Trial participants were those specifically expected to benefit (patients with malfunctioning GCPRs - signals for the nervous and circulatory systems), but people were so keen to take part, they drove from site to site offering to sign up, until they got a positive test result for malfunctioning GCPRs. This means either the malfunctioning GCPRs came and went, or more likely, the test for malfunctioning GCPRs itself was inaccurate.
Hope is not lost. The head of the research is forming a new research group which will attempt to gain further funding this year, and start again, with better GCPR testing (potentially targeting of patients with POTS - which is already linked to malfunctioning GCPRs) and more accurate measurement of symptoms participants are experiencing.
Best of luck to all involved, but what a shame it was set back so far.
Some potentially fabulous human news about bird flu today. A study published this week has examined why the people in the US who have caught H5N1 Avian Flu haven’t become seriously ill - and they think it's because of exposure to the H1N1 'swine flu' pandemic virus variant from 2009, and how it interacts with the specific Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 which has spread around the world right now.
In the past known bird flu in humans has had around a 50% fatality rate. So far in the US only 1 person has died out of 70 confirmed cases, and random testing has found farmworkers who have been exposed and developed immunity without even knowing it.
Scientists worked with ferrets, and the 2 main seasonal human flu viruses that we have now - 2009 H1N1 and H3N2.
They found that:
- Ferrets with no immunity to either common human flu developed severe disease and 100% died.
- Ferrets with immunity to H3N2 had 50% mortality.
- Ferrets with immunity to 2009 H1N1 had 100% survival and none developed any symptoms. They also found only 50% shed any virus (were contagious) and that was only for a single day.
They tested to see if results were different when ferrets were given immunity to both human flu variants, in different orders, and the results were the same.
There are other Avian Flu clades, but 2.3.4.4b H5N1 is the one that has infected and killed millions of wild birds, poultry and wild animals worldwide, and spread through US dairy cattle.
So it seems if you have ever had H1N1 'swine' flu, you can finally consider yourself lucky. Fingers crossed.
Both India and Bangladesh have reported human cases of H5N1 Avian Flu. Bangladesh's 3rd case this year is a child who tested positive on 28th May and has fully recovered. India's 2nd case of the year was an adult male who also tested positive in May and unfortunately has not survived.
All of these cases are an older clade of H5N1 (not 2.3.4.4b), which has circulated in Bangladesh and India for some time.
At the time of my last report Cambodia had reported 7 human infections with H5N1 Avian Flu and 5 of those people had died. Thailand was so concerned they had strengthened border controls. Unfortunately since then another 6 cases have been reported, and another 2 people have died.
Cambodian H5N1 cases are mainly the older clade 2.3.2.1c (which is endemic to Southeast Asian poultry). Unfortunately more recently they are also a new viral strain which is a reassortment combining genetic material from the older 2.3.2.1c and the currently globally circulating 2.3.4.4b.
There is still nothing to suggest that even this new recombinant can travel human to human, most of those infected had contact with sick poultry.
On Monday 7th July a spokesperson for the US Department of Health and Human Services gave a statement announcing the US CDC had ended their emergency response to Avian Flu.
"As reports of animal infections with avian influenza A(H5N1) virus (“H5N1 bird flu”) have declined and no human cases have been reported since February 2025, on July 2, 2025, CDC’s H5N1 emergency bird flu response was deactivated to transition back to regular program activity."
The scientific world appears to agree. The response can be ramped up again instantly if necessary, it is all very quiet at the moment (as you'd hope with a seasonal illness like flu) and this allows people who have been working incredibly hard on the response to take a well-earned break.
The US has reported just 4 new dairy herds infected with H5N1 in the last 30 days, for a total of 1,077 across 17 states.
Although flu is very definitely seasonal, it would be remiss not to mention something else might be at play here or in the future. Many US farmworkers are not US citizens.
Research in 2020 - 2022 found 45% of the US agricultural workforce were undocumented, and an additional 19% don't have US citizenship.
Recent developments in the US with ICE, including incarceration and deportation of foreign nationals, mean a lot of people will be keeping a very low profile and are highly unlikely to even come forward for testing, however bad they might have flu. Their employers won't be keen to get them tested either.
Maybe no more US humans really have caught bird flu, or maybe not, and maybe no new US humans will catch bird flu next Winter, or maybe not...
Back in 2010 a group of scientists in Thailand confirmed that in lab conditions H5N1 Avian Flu could be carried, and potentially spread, by house flies. Last week a sample was uploaded to the GISAID database from a house fly in California. It is the B3.13 variant, the same as has been spreading through US dairy cows, so it has been theorised that "milk-snatching" flies added to that spread - not even necessarily by becoming infected themselves, but also by walking in milk and spreading infection that way.
It really is not easy for any farmer to protect his cows from dust, spilt milk and other cows nursing from them, add in flies and it's astounding any US dairy cattle have avoided H5N1 at all.
China has reported another 2 human cases of H9N2 Avian Flu. It is usual for them to report several cases each year, almost always mild illness contracted via farmed poultry. Questions are currently being asked as to why?, as they've had mandatory flu vaccinations for poultry for several years. They don't quite seem to be able to actually knock it on the head.
While the US cutting foreign medical and science aid and programmes makes headlines, the UK is quietly doing it too.
A worldwide initiative fighting antimicrobial resistance (AMR = when antibiotics etc. don't work any more) 'The Fleming Fund' has been shelved 10 years after it was launched.
Seems like something that is very likely to turn round and bite us on the behind, as AMR is currently affecting several high profile diseases (syphilis, MRSA, TB etc) and it does not respect borders at all. (76 people were diagnosed with lab-confirmed antibiotic-resistant TB in the UK in the last year.)
AMR itself is expensive. Patients who do not respond to antibiotics and other antimicrobials often become incredibly ill and any recovery can take many months. A recent study by the Centre for Global Development estimated that 11 European countries facing drug-resistant MRSA (includes the UK), spent almost $13.3 Billion treating those patients in 2022.
The UK also cut their donation to GAVI (the global vaccine alliance) from £1.65bn for 2021 to 2025, down to £1.25 billion for 2026 to 2030.
There are warnings about an increase in ticks in many countries, including the UK and USA. Not only are they horrible things that need removing completely or you can get an infection, they can also spread a variety of diseases.
Alpha-gal is one of the strangest diseases ticks can carry, because it can make you allergic to the sugars in meat, and even dairy products.
Alpha-gal is carried by Lone Star Ticks which originated in the South East US, and due to climate change are spreading out around America, already reaching as far as Maine. In 2009 Alpha-gal Syndrome was rare, with just a few dozen cases, but the increase and spread of ticks means there are now 110,000 documented cases, and estimates are there may be as many as 450,000. The reason we don't know for sure is that people may not associate a rash or other allergy symptoms with a meal or dairy they consumed several hours earlier, and even if they do, they may not realise that it originated with a tick bite weeks or months ago. Milk products can also be found in a huge variety of things, from cake and bread through to toothpaste and chewing gum. Pinpointing exactly what caused an allergic reaction can be really tricky.
Allergic reactions aren't always mild, and can become life-threatening, so if the spread of Lone Star Ticks carries on, and it's expected to, eventually millions of people could end up vegetarian or vegan without having any choice over it.
On Tuesday The World Health Organization issued a warning for a major Chikungunya virus epidemic risk.
They say the pattern emerging now is the same as when there was a major outbreak 20 years ago, and action is needed to prevent a repeat.
As a reminder Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne virus which is rarely fatal, and regularly causes mild symptoms. However, up to 50% of infected people develop severe joint pain, swelling, headaches, a rash, nausea and tiredness, and these symptoms can persist for weeks, months or even years. Once a patient recovers, they are thought to be immune.
I covered the current Réunion Island outbreak on 17th April when they had 33,000 cases since the beginning of the year. It's now estimated 1/3 of the 890,000 population has already been infected. The outbreak has spread to other islands and the mainland, including Mauritius, Somalia, Kenya and Madagascar. Mainland France has reported 800 imported cases since 1st May and, more concerningly for Europe, 12 cases of local transmission by mosquitoes have also been reported. Italy reported their first case last week.
Mosquitoes are spreading due to climate change, and they bring gifts.
There is no specific treatment for Chikungunya. Sterile male mosquitoes can be released to curb spread, and 2 vaccines have recently received authorisation/approval for use in at-risk populations, but they are not widely available. The European Medicines Agency at first limited use of the 'Ixchiq vaccine' to people under age 65 due to severe side effects in a small percentage of older people, but has just lifted that restriction where there is "a significant risk of chikungunya infection and after a careful consideration of the benefits and risks".
This is another example of the richer nations mainly ignoring something because it didn't affect them, until it did.
A month or so back I told you that rabies has been eradicated from UK mammals, but bats can carry a rabies-like virus - Lyssavirus. Sadly bats in Australia can also carry Lyssavirus, and last month a man in New South Wales became only the 4th Australian to be confirmed to have contracted the disease after being bitten by a bat several months earlier.
Prompt vaccinations are the only treatment, but despite this symptoms still developed. Once this occurs there is no effective treatment and the disease is fatal. Investigations are underway to find out if he could possibly have been exposed again more recently, or if other factors played a part in his illness.
As a reminder that the only human disease totally eradicated is Smallpox, a resident of North Arizona has died from plague.
An average of 7 cases are reported in America each year. Infection is usually via flea bites or infected dead animals, and it can take 1 of 3 forms - bubonic (lymph nodes), septicemic (whole body) or pneumonic (lungs). Antibiotics are usually effective against all forms of plague.
Researchers from the universities of Basel and Zurich have been studying the genomic features of the 1918 'Spanish' flu to try and find out exactly why it managed to kill so many people. 20-100 million people died worldwide, from a population of only around 1.8 Billion (somewhere between 1% and 5.4% were killed).
The first cases of 'Spanish flu' were actually in military Camp Funston in Kansas, USA, in March 1918, and it was an Avian Influenza - bird flu. (The Spanish were just the first people to report widely and openly about the flu.)
The researchers discovered that by the time the first wave (yep, tragically it also came in waves) reached Switzerland in late Spring/ early Summer 1918, the virus had 3 very important mutations. It had 2 mutations that helped it bypass antiviral components of the human immune system, and it had a mutation which improved ability to bind to human cells. It should also be noted that the soldiers who were infected first were exhausted, weakened, malnourished, injured and desperate to go home - which they did, spreading the flu around the world with them.
Suriname has become the first country in the Amazon region to earn malaria-free certification from the World Health Organisation.
This success is the result of nearly 70 years of tireless efforts by health workers, the government, and the people of Suriname.
Timor-Leste is only the 3rd country in South East Asia to also earn malaria-free certification. Down from 223,000 cases in 2002 when they gained independence, to zero in 2021.
Well done to all involved.
The school Summer holidays are now in full swing across the UK, and most parents, grandparents and other carers have to juggle more than they do normally. Even more important that you take care of yourself and ensure you aren't just there to run around for others. Plan a treat for YOU, something you want to do - you are just as important as everyone else.
I shall be back in a couple of weeks, when my knees might have forgiven me and the 6 flights of stairs to our holiday flat are a distant memory. Until then...
Wear Sunscreen, Wear A Hat, Save The NHS...
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Sources COVID
https://ukhsa-dashboard.data.gov.uk/
Reference pages H5N1
https://www.paho.org/en/topics/avian-influenza
https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/index.html
Reference Measles
Kansas
https://kshealthdata.kdhe.ks.gov/t/KDHE/views/InfectiousDiseaseCaseDashboard/DiseaseCharts?%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y
Texas
https://www.dshs.texas.gov/news-alerts
New Mexico
https://www.nmhealth.org/about/erd/ideb/mog
UK cases Measles
Canada Measles
ECDC Weekly Report
(https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/Communicable-disease-threats-report-week-17-2025.pdf)
Images
Image premature babies RSV UK NHS
JAMANetwork Pediatrics Long COVID kids:
Measles symptoms image UK NHS
WHO Drowning Safety advice
Sources
Resident Doctors
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2025/jul/25/resident-doctors-in-england-go-on-strike-over-pay-restoration
Resident Doctors strikes
Residents to go on strike
DHSC spokesperson:
“The letter from the Secretary of State to the BMA’s Resident Doctor Committee is the culmination of the constructive conversations that have been had in recent days….
2. ..It is now for the BMA to decide whether they want to take up the Secretary of State on his offer of further discussions on ways to improve the working conditions of resident doctors if they postpone their damaging strike action which is scheduled for later this week.”
BMA has warned that arrangements for the strike in England due to begin on Friday will put patients at risk.
premature babies RSV UK NHS
Measles UK
Uk Gov Measles
England measles
Scotland measles
Northern Ireland measles
Wales measles
Vaccination rates UK
2025 vaccination rates
Nurseries cleaning to try and prevent measles
North America Measles
US measles current
US measles historic
Mexico and Canada measles
US rejects World Health Organization pandemic response measures
US rejects World Health Organization pandemic response measures
Reuters
US COVID stats
UK Health Stats
UK COVID stats
XFG
New Covid strain spreads across UK with hoarseness | The Independent
Latest COVID US stats
CDC warn of COVID wave
Full of excuses’: families condemn Matt Hancock’s testimony to Covid inquiry | Covid inquiry | The Guardian
COVID deaths UK care homes
Hundreds of NHS quangos to be scrapped in 10-year health strategy - BBC News
Aluminium in vaccines Denmark
June Update RECOVER Long COVID
RECOVER Research Update: June 2025 | RECOVER COVID Initiative
RECOVER STUDY -COVID symptoms in different age groups
https://x.com/RTHM_Health/status/1945596299438690653?t=JHUA6mzh6NckDwAYTDss4A&s=09
Flawed Long COVID drug testing
Berlin Cures statement
Global Centre for Health Security Long COVID Berlin Cures
H5N1
Does H1N1 immunity protect from H5N1?
Preexisting immunity to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus reduces susceptibility to H5N1 infection and disease in ferrets
H5N1 found in Californian house flies
https://gisaid.org/
CIDRAP - house fly H5N1 sequence
The potential of house flies to act as a vector of avian influenza subtype H5N1 under experimental conditions - PMC
India Bangladesh human H5N1
https://www.reddit.com/r/H5N1_AvianFlu/s/Id5EsQnzMA
WHO report June
CIDRAP
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Cambodian strains
Cambodia 3rd July 12th case 5yo boy with dead and sick chickens. All contacts given tamiflu.
***Cambodia 1st July 11th human (7 cases in June, total 6 fatalities so far)
Woman 36, dead and sick chickens, similar areas but 3km from last 3 cases.
these recent Cambodian cases appear to be due to a new reassortment of an older clade of the H5N1 virus (2.3.2.1c), recently renamed 2.3.2.1e."
4th infection
cambodia 4th
new cases Cambodia
***29th June 9 and 10
Cambodia 2 more cases H5N1 9 46yo woman & 10 16yo boy (mother and son). Neighbours 20m away from 41yo woman. Both stable and given Tamiflu
6 in June alone
6 have died
Both new cases also the reassortment Clade 2.3.2.1c common to Cambodia.
29th June Cambodia 9 and 10
Cambodia 9 and 8
Avianfludiary
https://afludiary.blogspot.com/2025/06/cambodia-reports-2-more-human-h5n1.html
Cambodia 8th case
19 mo boy died.
Where have human US bird flu cases gone?
CDC ends emergency response to bird flu
China 2 more H9N2
UK CUTS TO Fleming Fund
UK TB quarterly report
Bacteria strain that is resistant to antibiotics is spreading in Europe, scientists warn | Euronews
Estimates of cost MRSA
UK Cuts to GAVI
Alpha-gal ticks
https://www.reddit.com/r/ContagionCuriosity/comments/1lnhev6/explosive_increase_of_ticks_that_cause_meat/
Chikungunya
The Brick Castle: COVID-19, Measles, HPAI H5N1 Avian Flu and other virus UK and World News Update 17th April 2025 https://share.google/Fw1HA7SsKIHf4dYgD
https://x.com/volcaholic1/status/1947699341310758964?t=tC9Q0dwK4vBqXcer-zBKAg&s=09
Chikungunya Reuters
Outbreak of Chikungunya Virus Poses Global Risk, Warns WHO : ScienceAlert
The Chikungunya Epidemic on La Réunion Island in 2005–2006: A Cost-of-Illness Study | PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
WHO Chikungunya
European Medicines Agency Chikungunya vaccine restriction lifted
Australian Lyssavirus
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australasia/australia-bat-bite-virus-nsw-lyssavirus-death-b2781804.html
Plague
Signs and Symptoms of Plague | Plague | CDC
Spanish flu research
The Spanish flu: the global impact of the largest influenza pandemic in history - Our World in Dat
Suriname Malaria free
Timor leste malaria free
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